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Table 3 The effect of the state of emergency on ambient population measured by Google Mobility Reports in Japan

From: Measuring the impact of the state of emergency on crime trends in Japan: a panel data analysis

 

Residential

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

B

S.E.

B

S.E.

Trend

-0.363

0.087

***

0.227

0.052

***

Temperature

0.559

0.085

***

 -0.058

0.051

 

State of Emergency

    

 SoE period

  

6.148

0.179

***

 SoE period × intensity

  

3.903

0.356

***

Constant

1138.719

272.971

 

-706.862

162.260

 

sigma_u

1.998

 

1.490

 

sigma_e

4.033

 

2.314

 

rho

0.197

 

0.293

 

R2

0.087

 

0.651

 
 

Workplaces

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

B

S.E.

B

S.E.

Trend

0.630

0.199

**

 -0.589

0.136

***

Temperature

 -1.115

0.194

***

0.158

0.133

 

State of Emergency

    

 SoE period

  

 -12.347

0.468

***

 SoE period × intensity

  

 -9.652

0.930

***

Constant

-1971.535

621.178

 

1839.536

423.768

 

sigma_u

4.205

 

2.834

 

sigma_e

9.179

 

6.043

 

rho

0.173

 

0.180

 

R2

0.088

 

0.595

 
 

Transit stations

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

B

S.E.

B

S.E.

Trend

0.825

0.293

**

 -1.270

0.162

***

Temperature

 -1.694

0.285

***

0.499

0.158

**

State of Emergency

    

 SoE period

  

-23.503

0.558

***

 SoE period × intensity

  

- 6.178

1.108

***

Constant

 -2590.326

914.940

 

3959.803

505.118

 

sigma_u

5.313

 

4.651

 

sigma_e

13.519

 

7.204

 

rho

0.134

 

0.294

 

R2

0.138

 

0.695

 
 

Retail and recreation

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

B

S.E.

B

S.E.

Trend

0.985

0.210

***

- 0.561

0.103

***

Temperature

- 1.431

0.204

***

0.185

0.101

†

State of Emergency

    

 SoE period

  

- 16.764

0.355

***

 SoE period × intensity

  

-7.170

0.705

***

Constant

- 3081.507

654.591

 

1750.265

321.330

 

sigma_u

5.011

 

4.505

 

sigma_e

9.672

 

4.583

 

Rho

0.212

 

0.492

 

R2

0.105

 

0.682

 
 

Grocery and pharmacy

 

Model 1

Model 2

 

B

S.E.

B

S.E.

Trend

0.319

0.056

***

0.056

0.049

 

Temperature

- 0.494

0.055

***

- 0.219

0.048

***

State of Emergency

    

 SoE period

  

-2.848

0.168

***

 SoE period × intensity

  

- 169.565

151.857

 

Constant

- 992.619

176.356

 

2.166

 

sigma_u

1.400

 

1.411

 

sigma_e

2.606

 

2.166

 

Rho

0.224

 

0.298

 

R2

0.236

 

0.415

 
  1. ***:p < .001, **:p < .01, *:p < .05, †:p < .10
  2. Number of observations = 1034; number of prefectures = 47; number of weeks = 22
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Crime Science

ISSN: 2193-7680

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